Malaysia's rapid ascent as a leading data center destination in Southeast Asia is encountering significant headwinds. The country, which has eagerly embraced data center investment, now faces increasing scrutiny over the strain on its power grid and water resources. Deputy Prime Minister Fadillah Yusof, also the Minister of Energy Transition and Water Transformation, recently stated that projects in areas with low water reserve margins will not be considered, and data centers must hold two days of water reserves and source at least 30% of their energy from renewables.

This tightening of regulations comes as Malaysia accounts for over half of the data center capacity under construction across Southeast Asia. The boom was partly fueled by Singapore's 2019 moratorium on new data centers, which pushed demand across the Strait to Malaysia's Johor state. However, Johor's own limits are now pushing development further into other states like Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, and Sarawak.

The growing power and water demands from data centers are becoming a critical factor for sustained growth. Projections indicate that peak electricity demand from data centers in Peninsular Malaysia could reach 8.39 GW by 2030, with water demand in Johor and Selangor expected to increase six-fold by the same year. This has prompted hyperscalers to consider bringing their own power and water solutions as a prerequisite for new developments.

In Australia, data center developers are increasingly encountering legal risks and delays due to grid connection challenges. Regulatory scrutiny is tightening, with proposed reforms in New South Wales aiming to ensure that data center operators bear the costs of connecting to the network, rather than transferring them to households. The state alone had data center developers seeking up to 28 GW of network capacity as of July 2026, putting immense pressure on existing infrastructure.

Australia's Data Centers Face Grid Connection Hurdles

Singapore continues to solidify its position as a sustainable data center hub by implementing some of Asia's strictest regulations. Following the lift of its moratorium, the government now allocates new capacity only to operators meeting stringent sustainability requirements, including a power usage effectiveness (PUE) below 1.25 and at least 50% green energy sourcing. This framework is expected to favor well-capitalized incumbents and hyperscale operators, emphasizing sustainability as a competitive advantage.

Singapore's Strict Rules Shape Green Data Center Future

Learn how Malaysia's ambitious data center expansion is being challenged by grid capacity and water scarcity, leading to stricter government policies.

Malaysia's Data Center Growth Hit by Power, Water Constraints

Despite significant investment, Malaysia is tightening regulations on data center approvals due to mounting pressure on power and water resources.

The challenges faced by Malaysia are indicative of a broader trend across the APAC region, where exponential growth in data center demand, particularly from AI workloads, is clashing with existing power and water infrastructure. Singapore, after lifting its own data center moratorium, has implemented stringent sustainability mandates, requiring new facilities to meet high efficiency standards and green energy sourcing.

Governments in countries like Thailand and Australia are also increasing scrutiny on grid connections and resource consumption for data centers. This regional shift highlights the evolving landscape for data center operators and investors, where securing land and planning approvals no longer guarantees a timely power connection, and environmental sustainability is becoming a key determinant for project viability.

Across the Asia-Pacific region, governments are implementing stricter policies to balance digital growth with environmental sustainability.

APAC Markets Grapple with Data Center Resource Demands

Malaysia's Data Center Boom Faces Growing Grid and Water Constraints

Princeton Digital Group (PDG), a leading data center operator in the Asia Pacific region, has secured approximately $1.3 billion in green financing. This significant loan is earmarked for the continued development and expansion of its JH1 campus in Johor, Malaysia. The financing is part of a broader $5 billion debt financing strategy initiated by PDG in March, aimed at delivering contracted data center capacity across the entire Asia Pacific region.

The green loan was underwritten by a consortium of six banks: Affin Bank, HSBC, Maybank, OCBC, Standard Chartered, and UOB. This latest funding builds upon previous financing efforts for the JH1 campus, which began in April 2024 and was subsequently upsized in October 2025. The financing adheres to PDG's Green Finance Framework, reflecting the JH1 campus's existing Green Building Index (GBI) Gold and LEED Gold certifications for design and operations, respectively.

Located in Sedenak Tech Park, the JH1 campus is a 200MW facility specifically designed to support high-density AI and cloud workloads. PDG's Chairman, CEO, and Co-Founder, Rangu Salgame, emphasized that the financing underscores strong confidence from banking partners and deep hyperscaler partnerships. This expansion is crucial for meeting the escalating demand for digital infrastructure in the rapidly growing Asia Pacific market, particularly in the context of advanced AI and cloud services.

Singaporean banks OCBC and UOB are among the six financial institutions underwriting Princeton Digital Group's $1.3 billion green loan for its Johor data center. This participation reflects Singapore's strong financial sector support for regional digital infrastructure projects, particularly those with a focus on sustainability. The investment also aligns with Singapore's broader strategy to foster a robust and interconnected digital ecosystem across Southeast Asia.

Singapore Banks Back Malaysia's Green Data Center Push

Discover how Princeton Digital Group's new green financing will expand its Johor data center, supporting high-density AI and cloud workloads in APAC.

$1.3 Billion Green Loan Boosts Malaysia Data Center Expansion

Princeton Digital Group's latest financing will fuel the expansion of its Johor campus, enhancing Asia Pacific's digital infrastructure.

The $1.3 billion green financing secured by Princeton Digital Group for its Johor data center campus highlights the increasing focus on sustainable practices within the APAC digital infrastructure sector. This investment not only expands critical capacity for AI and cloud workloads but also sets a precedent for environmentally conscious development in the region.

The strategic location of the JH1 campus in Malaysia positions it to serve the broader Southeast Asian market, which is experiencing rapid digital transformation and a surge in demand for high-performance computing. The involvement of multiple regional and international banks in the financing round underscores the market's belief in the long-term growth trajectory of APAC's data center industry and its commitment to green initiatives.

The green loan signals growing investor confidence in sustainable digital expansion across Asia Pacific.

APAC Digital Infrastructure Strengthens with Malaysian Green Investment

PDG Secures $1.3 Billion Green Loan for Malaysian Data Center

Malaysia's government has announced new requirements for data centers, mandating on-site water storage for at least two days' supply and the presence of backup generators. These measures are part of a broader effort to ensure data center operations do not strain public utilities amidst rapid industry growth. Additionally, data centers will be required to source at least 30% of their energy from renewable sources.

The move comes as Malaysia's data center industry experiences significant expansion, particularly in Johor, which is projected to become a major hub in Asia. However, this growth has raised concerns about electricity and water supply constraints. The Deputy Prime Minister noted that data centers are currently using only 58.5% of their contracted electricity demand, highlighting a gap between initial estimates and actual consumption.

These new regulations aim to encourage more responsible resource management and greater energy independence within the data center sector. The government is also exploring a "user-pays" electricity pricing mechanism to discourage excessive power reservations. This policy shift underscores a growing regional trend towards stricter oversight and sustainability mandates for digital infrastructure.

Singapore's data center market, facing its own capacity limitations and stringent environmental mandates, is closely watching Malaysia's regulatory developments. While Johor offers more affordable capacity, new Malaysian rules, including potential charges for unused power, will require Singaporean operators expanding across the border to enhance their power consumption monitoring and efficiency. Singapore's partial easing of its data center moratorium limits new expansion and requires 50% renewable energy, prompting operators to increase rack densities, a strategy that could also be relevant in a more regulated Johor.

Singapore Operators Eye Johor Amidst Policy Shifts

Learn how Malaysia's new data center regulations will impact operators with requirements for on-site water, backup power, and renewable energy targets.

Malaysia Mandates Data Center Water, Power Self-Sufficiency

New regulations to mandate on-site water storage, backup generators, and renewable energy targets for data centers.

Malaysia to Implement Data Center Water, Power Requirements

Malaysia is set to introduce a Digital Infrastructure (Data Centre) Bill, which includes a "user-pays" policy for electricity consumption in its rapidly expanding data center sector. The proposed legislation, agreed upon by the National Economic Action Council (NEAC) and expected to be submitted to the Cabinet by 2027, aims to address significant gaps between reserved power capacity and actual demand. Data center developers will face stricter scrutiny and be required to bear transmission upgrade costs, as well as pay for committed electricity capacity that goes unused.

The move comes as Malaysia projects to become the largest data center hub in Asia, excluding China, by 2030. Currently, 45 operating facilities in the country demand approximately 1.37 GW, while the combined maximum load is 6 GW, highlighting a substantial discrepancy. The bill seeks to ensure local benefits from the substantial investments and resource consumption, with approved projects now including a minimum 30 percent local content requirement.

Deputy Prime Minister Fadillah Yusof proposed a “user-pays” electricity pricing mechanism and higher Connected Load Charges to discourage excessive power reservations. This regulatory push mirrors Singapore's recent Digital Infrastructure Act, indicating a broader regional trend towards more stringent oversight of data center operations, especially concerning power and water usage. The government is also considering community safety requirements, such as minimum distances between data centers and residential areas, based on fuel storage volume.

Australia continues to be a major recipient of hyperscaler investments, with Amazon Web Services (AWS) planning to invest A$20 billion (US$13.3 billion) by 2029 to expand its data center infrastructure in Sydney and Melbourne. This significant capital injection aims to support surging demand for cloud computing and AI capabilities. The Australian government is actively supporting this growth, recognizing AI's potential to contribute significantly to the national GDP. However, the substantial energy demands of these large-scale facilities raise questions about the country's ability to meet power requirements, a concern echoed across the APAC region.

Australia's Data Center Boom Driven by Hyperscaler Investments

India's data center market is experiencing rapid expansion, with Mumbai's pipeline alone growing by 31% to 1.73 GW in the first half of 2026. The country is projected to exceed 2 GW of operating capacity by 2028, driven by both hyperscale and domestic demand, especially due to data residency rules. While specific new regulatory announcements were not found after October 16, 2026, the ongoing policy discussions around balancing growth with power availability, similar to Malaysia and Thailand, are critical for India's continued development as a key APAC data center hub.

India's Data Center Market Sees Rapid Expansion and Policy Development

Singapore has positioned itself as a leader in sustainable data center development with its Digital Infrastructure Bill, passed in October 2026. This legislation is the first in Southeast Asia to set binding efficiency standards and clean energy requirements for data centers, licensing facilities with a critical IT load of at least 3 megawatts (MW) and holding operators accountable for green energy pledges. The proactive regulatory approach, aimed at managing the pressure on land, power, and water resources from AI demand, is now influencing other regional players like Malaysia.

Singapore's Proactive Digital Infrastructure Act Influences Regional Policy

Learn how Malaysia's proposed Digital Infrastructure Bill aims to curb power wastage by charging data centers for unused capacity and infrastructure upgrades.

Malaysia's New Data Center Bill Targets Power Waste

New Digital Infrastructure Bill will charge data center developers for unused reserved power and transmission upgrades amidst a booming industry.

Across the Asia-Pacific region, rapid data center expansion, largely driven by AI and cloud investments, is intensifying pressure on power grids and water resources. Malaysia's proposed Digital Infrastructure Bill, which introduces charges for unused power capacity, reflects a regional trend where governments are implementing stricter regulations to ensure sustainable development. This includes Thailand, which is also finalizing new data center regulations by early 2027, covering facility size, electricity use, and location, and has already paused numerous projects.

While investment in APAC data centers remains robust, with a record US$11.6 billion in direct deals in 2025, markets are shifting towards power-advantaged locations. Countries like Malaysia, India, and Australia are attracting significant capital due to their ability to support high-density AI workloads and large-scale digital infrastructure. However, even these markets face challenges, with Johor, Malaysia, specifically identified as facing severe electricity supply constraints that could delay project rollouts despite a massive pipeline.

Malaysia's regulatory move highlights a growing APAC-wide challenge as governments seek to balance data center growth with sustainable resource management.

APAC Data Centers Grapple with Power Constraints and Policy Shifts

Malaysia to Implement "User-Pays" Policy for Data Center Power

Blackstone-backed hyperscale data center operator AirTrunk is reportedly in the final stages of a deal to sell its data centers in Johor, Malaysia, for approximately US$2 billion. The buyer group includes Malaysian pension fund KWAP. This significant transaction, reported on October 16, 2026, comes shortly after AirTrunk postponed its planned Singapore REIT listing due to market volatility and uncertainty surrounding US interest rates.

The sale highlights the dynamic investment landscape within the Asia-Pacific data center sector, particularly in Southeast Asia. Johor has emerged as a key growth area for data centers, benefiting from its proximity to Singapore and relatively lower land and energy costs. The region continues to attract substantial investment as hyperscalers and other operators seek to expand their digital infrastructure footprint.

This divestment by AirTrunk, a major player in the APAC data center market with over 3 gigawatts of operating and planned capacity across 20 campuses, suggests a strategic re-evaluation of its portfolio amidst changing financial conditions. The participation of a Malaysian pension fund also underscores the increasing interest from local institutional investors in the booming digital infrastructure sector within the region.

While AirTrunk's sale is focused on its Malaysian assets, it may reflect broader strategic adjustments for the Blackstone-backed company, which has a significant presence in Australia. The Australian data center market is also experiencing rapid expansion and facing its own power grid challenges.

AirTrunk's Strategic Shift Impacts Australian Operations

AirTrunk's decision to sell its Johor assets follows the postponement of its planned Singapore REIT listing. This highlights the interconnectedness of data center markets in Southeast Asia, with Singapore's stringent regulatory environment and land constraints influencing investment and development in neighboring regions like Johor.

Singapore's Data Center Landscape and Regional Interdependencies

Learn how AirTrunk's sale of its Johor data centers for US$2 billion reflects evolving investment strategies and market conditions in the APAC data center landscape.

$2 Billion Johor Data Center Sale Signals APAC Investment Shift

Blackstone-backed AirTrunk offloads Malaysian data centers to an investor group including a Malaysian pension fund, valuing the assets at approximately US$2 billion.

The reported acquisition of AirTrunk's Johor data centers by a consortium including Malaysian pension fund KWAP marks a notable development for Malaysia's digital economy. This investment by a domestic institutional player demonstrates increasing confidence in the long-term growth and stability of the local data center market, especially as the country positions itself as a regional hub for digital infrastructure.

Malaysia, particularly the state of Johor, has seen significant data center development, driven by factors such as competitive operating costs and strategic location. The influx of capital from local entities like KWAP could further accelerate this growth, supporting the government's ambitions to enhance its digital capabilities and attract more foreign direct investment in the technology sector.

KWAP's involvement in the AirTrunk deal signifies growing local institutional interest in Malaysia's burgeoning digital infrastructure.

Malaysian Pension Fund Invests in Domestic Data Center Market

AirTrunk Sells Johor Data Centers for US$2 Billion

Malaysia is moving to regulate its burgeoning data center sector with the proposed Digital Infrastructure (Data Centre) Bill. The new legislation, which follows Singapore's recent Digital Infrastructure Act, will impose stricter conditions on data center developers. Key changes include requiring operators to pay market electricity tariffs and the full cost of their reserved power capacity, even if not fully utilized. This aims to eliminate previous subsidies and address power demand-supply imbalances.

The bill, agreed upon by the National Economic Action Council (NEAC), is expected to be submitted to the Cabinet by 2027. Malaysia is projected to become a major data center hub in Asia by 2030, excluding China. The new rules also aim to ensure that local businesses benefit from the significant investments, mandating a minimum 3% local content requirement for services like consultancy, contracting, engineering, and legal.

Investment, Trade and Industry Minister Johari Ghani emphasized that while Malaysia welcomes foreign investment, it will no longer be based on cheap energy. The legislation also proposes that investors bear the cost of upgrading the national electricity transmission network and adopt water recycling technologies, reducing pressure on critical state resources. These measures are crucial for sustainable growth and developing local expertise.

Singapore's Digital Infrastructure Bill, passed on October 7, mandates binding efficiency standards and clean energy requirements for data centers with a critical IT load of at least 3 megawatts. This makes Singapore the first Southeast Asian nation to implement such comprehensive regulations, turning green energy pledges into enforceable demands. The legislation aims to manage the strain on Singapore's land, power, and water resources from increasing AI-driven computing demand. While new capacity was previously rationed, the new law extends binding efficiency standards to all commercial-scale facilities, influencing regional policy.

Singapore's Pioneering Data Center Regulations Set Regional Precedent

Learn how Malaysia's proposed Digital Infrastructure Bill aims to manage data center growth by adjusting electricity tariffs and mandating local content requirements.

Malaysia's New Data Center Bill Addresses Power Strain, Subsidies

Malaysia is set to introduce new legislation to regulate its rapidly expanding data center industry, requiring operators to pay market rates for electricity and full reserved capacity.

Malaysia's proposed Digital Infrastructure (Data Centre) Bill is part of a broader trend across Southeast Asia to manage the significant growth in data center investments and their associated resource demands. Singapore recently passed its Digital Infrastructure Bill in early October, setting binding efficiency standards and clean energy requirements for data centers. This regional shift indicates a move away from simply attracting capacity to ensuring sustainable development and local benefit.

The push for stricter regulations in Malaysia addresses issues such as power grid strain, as seen in Johor, and the need for data centers to contribute more directly to local economies and infrastructure. Thailand is also finalizing new data center regulations, focusing on facility size, electricity use, and location, with a draft framework expected in Q1 2027. These developments highlight a collective effort in the APAC region to balance economic growth with environmental and infrastructure sustainability.

Malaysia's new bill reflects a regional trend towards stricter regulations as countries manage the environmental and infrastructure impact of rapid data center expansion.

Southeast Asia's Data Center Policy Landscape Evolves Amid Growth

Malaysia to Regulate Data Centers with New Bill

A new report from BMI Research warns that Johor, Malaysia, is on track to experience severe electricity supply constraints due to the rapid expansion of AI-driven data centers. The report, published on October 22, 2026, highlights that the fast-paced development of hyperscale data centers in Johor, alongside Sydney, Melbourne, and Batam, could dramatically increase electricity consumption over the next five years. This surge in demand threatens to limit power availability for other industries and households across Peninsular Malaysia.

BMI estimates Johor currently has approximately 825 megawatts (MW) of operational data center capacity, with an additional 3.9 gigawatts (GW) anticipated over the next three to five years. Under a base-case scenario, new data center capacity in Johor could require around 30 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity annually by 2031. This would mean Johor's total data center electricity consumption could reach approximately 18.5% of Peninsular Malaysia's projected electricity supply, a significant jump from about 6% in 2026.

The Malaysian government has already begun implementing stricter requirements for data center developments, including restrictions on approvals for new non-AI facilities introduced in February 2026. Operators are increasingly mandated to demonstrate access to adequate electricity and water supplies before securing grid connections. Additionally, the government indicated in October 2026 that data center investors would be required to bear the costs of transmission upgrades and pay for allocated grid capacity, even if not fully utilized. These measures aim to encourage more efficient electricity infrastructure use and potentially increase project development costs.

Australia is adopting a proactive approach, requiring large data centers to actively support grid stability. Proposed rules may mandate facilities with over 30MW capacity to remain connected during voltage and frequency disturbances and manage demand recovery post-grid events. This aims to integrate data center energy demands more effectively into the national power infrastructure.

Australia's Data Centers Mandated to Support Grid Stability

While not directly impacted by the immediate power strain in Johor, India continues to be a major focus for hyperscaler investments. AWS, for example, is spending an additional $13 billion on AI and cloud infrastructure in India between 2026 and 2030, bringing its total investment to $48 billion. This commitment highlights India's critical role in the broader APAC digital infrastructure landscape, even as power and sustainability challenges are addressed differently across the region.

India Sees Continued Hyperscaler Investment Amidst AI Boom

Singapore has enacted the Digital Infrastructure Bill, becoming the first Southeast Asian nation to set binding efficiency standards and clean energy requirements for data centers. The law mandates licensing for facilities above 3MW and allows the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) to adjust efficiency standards and hold operators to clean energy pledges. This regulatory shift aims to mitigate pressure on Singapore's limited land, power, and water resources.

Singapore's New Law Sets Binding Efficiency Standards for Data Centers

Discover how rapid data center expansion in Johor, Malaysia, driven by AI, is severely straining the power grid and potentially limiting supply for other industries.

Johor's Power Grid Under Threat as AI Data Centers Surge

BMI Research indicates Johor's rapid AI data center expansion risks significant electricity shortages, with demand potentially consuming 18.5% of Peninsular Malaysia's supply by 2031.

Beyond Malaysia, BMI identified Sydney, Melbourne, and Batam as other key data center markets experiencing growing electricity infrastructure constraints. Sydney and Melbourne combined currently have approximately 1.76 GW of operational capacity, with another 3.6 GW expected to be added. This expansion could require 19.7 TWh of electricity annually, compared to a projected net new generation of 23.6 TWh. This regional trend underscores a broader challenge for APAC nations to balance digital economic growth with sustainable power infrastructure.

Governments across the region are responding with new policies. Thailand, facing near-term pressure with capacity forecast to more than double in 2026, suspended construction of 49 data centers in September and is finalizing new regulations for facility size, electricity use, and location. Singapore, which lifted its data center moratorium with strict sustainability mandates, now requires licensed facilities to meet efficiency standards and demonstrate clean energy pledges.

Across the Asia-Pacific region, unprecedented data center growth, particularly for AI, is forcing governments to rethink power access and regulatory frameworks.

APAC Data Centers Face Mounting Grid Pressure

Johor Data Centers Face Critical Power Strain from AI Boom

A new report from BMI Research reveals that Johor, Malaysia, is on the brink of significant electricity supply constraints due to the rapid expansion of AI infrastructure. The report, dated October 22, 2026, warns that the proliferation of hyperscale data centers in the region could heavily impact power availability for other industries and households over the next five years. BMI estimates Johor currently has approximately 825 megawatts (MW) of operational data center capacity, with another 3.9 gigawatts (GW) anticipated within the next three to five years.

Under BMI’s base-case scenario, the new data center capacity in Johor could demand around 30 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity annually by 2031. This would elevate Johor's total data center electricity consumption to approximately 18.5% of Peninsular Malaysia's projected electricity supply, a substantial increase from about 6% in 2026. The report also highlights that Malaysia has tightened requirements for data center developments, including restrictions introduced in February 2026 on new non-AI facilities.

Operators are increasingly mandated to demonstrate access to adequate electricity and water supplies before securing grid connections. Furthermore, the Malaysian government indicated in October that data center investors would be required to cover the costs of transmission upgrades and pay for allocated grid capacity, even if not fully utilized. These measures are likely to increase project development costs while encouraging more efficient use of existing electricity infrastructure, as AI workloads typically operate at higher utilization rates, demanding more power.

Australia is adopting a proactive approach to mitigate grid strain, requiring the next generation of large-scale data centers in markets like Sydney and Melbourne to secure their own clean, firmed energy. These facilities are also expected to operate flexibly and connect efficiently, with proposed rules suggesting that data centers over 30MW must remain connected during grid disturbances and manage demand recovery. This policy aims to ensure data center expansion supports, rather than burdens, national grid stability.

Australia Demands Self-Sufficiency from New Data Centers

Singapore, a mature data center hub, previously imposed a moratorium on new data center builds from 2019 to 2022 due to land, water, and energy constraints. While the moratorium has been lifted, it came with stringent sustainability standards and capacity limits, keeping growth modest. The city-state has also passed the Digital Infrastructure Bill, requiring data centers over 3MW to be licensed and meet efficiency and clean energy standards. This strategic shift influenced neighboring markets, driving hyperscalers to look elsewhere, particularly to Johor.

Singapore's Moratorium Lessons Inform Regional Policy

Discover how Johor's booming data center sector is confronting critical electricity supply issues, potentially impacting future growth and investment in Malaysia.

Johor Data Centers Face Severe Power Constraints: BMI Report

New report highlights severe electricity supply constraints threatening Malaysia's data center expansion.

The challenges in Johor are indicative of a broader trend across the Asia-Pacific region, where the surging demand for AI infrastructure is straining power grids. BMI identified Sydney, Melbourne, and Batam as other data center markets experiencing growing electricity infrastructure constraints. Sydney and Melbourne currently have a combined operational capacity of approximately 1.76GW, with an additional 3.6GW expected to be added, requiring an estimated 19.7TWh of electricity annually.

Governments across APAC are responding with stricter regulations, higher tariffs, and project restrictions to manage this unprecedented growth. In Australia, new large-scale data centers are being required to source their own clean, firmed energy and operate flexibly to support grid stability. These regional pressures underscore the critical need for integrated planning between data center developers and power utilities to ensure sustainable growth.

Beyond Malaysia, major APAC hubs like Sydney, Melbourne, and Batam also face increasing electricity infrastructure constraints.

APAC Data Centers Confront Mounting Power Supply Challenges

Johor Data Centers Face Critical Power Shortages Amid AI Boom

Johor Bahru has become Southeast Asia's fastest-growing data center corridor, driven by land availability, proximity to Singapore, and aggressive government incentives. Arc Brief tracks how Johor's rapid expansion — from 401 MW to 897 MW in 2025 alone — is reshaping the regional digital infrastructure map and testing Malaysia's grid, water, and labour capacity.

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